しか

Particle (Basic 398)

A particle which marks an element X when nothing but X makes the expressed proposition true.

Equivalent: Nothing/nobody/no ~ but; only

戸田さんしか煙草を吸わない・吸いません。
No one but Mr. Toda smokes.
私は日本語しか知らない・知りません。
I know nothing but Japanese.
それは江口さんにしか話していない・いません。
I haven't told it to anybody but Mr. Eguchi.
私はご飯を一杯しか食べなかった・食べませんでした。
I had only one bowl of rice.
パーティーには学生しか来なかった。
Only students came to the party.
田村さんはサラダしか食べなかった。
Mr. Tamura ate only salad.
私は日曜日(に)しか来られません。
I can come only on Sunday.
この本はこの図書館(に)しかありません。
Only this library has this book.
そこは車でしか行けない。
You can go there only by car. / The only way you can go there is by car.
私は山田さんとしか話をしない。
I talk only with Mr. Yamada.
この学校は学生が百人しかない。
This school has only a hundred students.

Formation

(i) Noun しか  
先生が(subject)→ 先生しか No one but the teacher
先生を(direct object)→ 先生しか No one but the teacher
(ii) Noun+(Particle) しか  
東京へ・に(direction)→ 東京()しか To nowhere but Tokyo
先生に(indirect object, agent)→ 先生()しか No one but the teacher
日曜日に(time)→ 日曜日()しか Only on Sunday
東京に(location)→ 東京()しか Only in Tokyo
(iii) Noun+Particle しか  
東京で(location)→ 東京でしか Only in Tokyo
車で(means)→ でしか Only by car
山田さんと(reciprocal)→ 山田さんとしか Only with Mr. Yamada
東京から(starting point/source)→ 東京からしか Only from Tokyo
五時まで(ending point)→ 五時までしか Only till five o’clock
(iv) Quantifier しか  
  少ししか Only a little

Notes

しか always occurs with negative predicates.

【Related Expressions】

I. だけ expresses a similar idea, (⇨ だけ) However, だけ and しか differ in the following ways:

(A)

Xしか emphasizes the negative proposition of "non-X", while Xだけ merely describes the situation in neutral fashion.

(B)

しか occurs only with negative predicates; だけ, however, can occur with affirmative predicates. Compare the following sentences:

[1]

[2]

(C)

The verb かかる 'it takes (time)' can be used with しか, but not with だけ, as in [3].

[3]

II. ばかり is also used to mean 'only' in some situations. (⇨ ばかり) Unlike Xしか or Xだけ, however, Xばかり emphasizes the positive proposition of X, often with the implication that someone/something does something to X/with X/... a lot or more than one expects. For example, [4a] emphasizes the fact that Jim drank beer, whereas [4b] emphasizes the fact that Jim didn't drink anything but beer. [4c] is a neutral statement.

[4]

Note that Xばかり cannot be used if X is a single entity. Thus, [5a] is grammatical, but [5b] is not.

[5]

Note also that ばかり cannot be used with negative predicates, as in [6].

[6]